社会性别、彝族传统知识与族群文化： 撒尼妇女知识精英与仪式从业者的知识生产
Gender, Yi Traditional Knowledge, and Ethnic Culture:
The Production of Sani Women Intellectuals and Practitioners

　　美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校妇女资源与研究中心
　　Women’s Resources and Research Center, UC Davis, USA

　　【摘要】马学良先生认为毕摩仪式文献是彝族传统文化的核心，本文从这一论断出发，试图回答下面一系列问题：这种传统知识和民族文化是如何性别化的？女性在这种知识生产过程中相对于男性而言具有何等地位？女性文化精英和仪式从业者对于毕摩的文化实践是否构成补充作用？有关彝族传统和族群文化的观念经历了怎样的性别化和评价过程？为了回答这些问题，本文对五位彝族女性的著述进行了分析，其中既有受过大学教育的知识精英，也有扎根乡土的仪式从业者。本文所分析的文献，包括几篇学术论文、一份来自法国天主教传教时期的家史，以及一份关于撒尼史玛(shima，在凉山又称“嫫尼”）的民族志。最后，本文着重阐述了“传统”和“民族性”概念的性别化意义。

　　关键词：性别 族群性 传统 彝族撒尼人

　　Abstract

　　Starting with Ma Xueliang’s statement that Bimo ritual texts are the core of Yi traditional culture, this paper asks how is the production of this traditional knowledge and ethnic culture gendered? What is women’s place in this production, relative to men? Does the work of Yi women intellectuals and practitioners complement Bimo practices? How are ideas about Yi tradition and ethnic culture gendered and evaluated through time? These questions are explored by examining the work of five Sani women, who are university trained intellectuals and grassroots practitioners. Several academic papers, a family history of the French Catholic era, and ethnographic observations of a Sani shima (mohni in Nuosu) are discussed. In conclusion, the gendered meanings of the concepts “tradition” and “ethnicity” are addressed.

　　Keywords: Gender─Ethnicity─Tradition─Sani Yi

　　作者简介：
　　玛格丽特·伯恩·斯温 (汉名司佩姬，彝名诗薇)，加州大学戴维斯分校人类学副教授，妇女资源与研究中心联席主任。代表作有《阿诗玛的地方：撒尼人，彝文化与世界大同主义》(Ashima’S Place: Sani People, Yi Culture, and Cosmopolitanism)，主编论文集《社会性别／旅游／娱乐？》(Gender/Tourism/Fun？) 。从1987年开始研究彝族撒尼支系，继而以社会性别与认同研究中的旅游业发展为学术重心，同时其理论旨趣在于探讨世界大同主义。

　　About the Author
　　Margaret Byrne Swain (Si Peiji, Shyvie）teaches at the University of California, Davis. She is an anthropologist, affiliated with the Women and Gender Studies Program, and Co-Directs the Women’s Resources and Research Center. She started work with Sani Yi in 1987, and continues to research issues of gender and identity with a focus on tourism development, and a theoretical interest in cosmopolitanism.