彝族土司社会变迁和改土归流
Change Yi Tusi Society and the Replacement of Native by Appointed Officials

　　日本学习院大学研究院人文科学研究科

　　【摘要】长期以来，有关中国民族史中改土归流的研究，学者们多把视角集中在当地土司社会与中央控制体制之间的对立关系方面的探讨。但是，通过更仔细的观察，可以看到土司社会之中的复数因素——中央与边疆之间的政治、社会地位，维持地方权力的本地社会机构，等等。这些因素互相影响并逐渐促使土司社会的社会、经济基础的质变，从而成为导致当地改土归流的根本原因。由此而论，中央王朝和本地社会之间确立的土司社会的权力结构是什么？维持土司权力的社会结构如何变化而招致改土归流？明代，虽然彝族土司社会形成了互相联系的地域权力结构“彝区”，但随着这些社会变迁在中国西南地区的普遍进行，因此到清代“彝区””最终被解体了。当然伴随这些过程而发生的社会内情的变化更值得我们给以足够的重视。土司设置以后，土司阶层和中央的关系越来越紧密，引起了土司阶层的变样，而且在（本来很不一样的）社会基础部分也发生了变化。这些变化必然发生本地社会内部的社会关系的变化，出现从前没有的情况。本文以滇东北彝族土司社会为关注点，试图通过对当地社会变迁的阐析来提示导致该地区改土归流的根本原因所在。并具体分析引起当地社会变迁的多种因素之间的相互影响情况。

　　关键词：彝族 土司 社会变迁 改土归流

　　Abstract

　　Until today, most of scholars have an inclination to vie Gaituguiliu (改土归流) in terms of conflicts between local polities and central dynasties. But if we examine it carefully, we can find a lot of factors within Tusi (土司) society-as a multiple social-political relationships between center and frontier, the tusi’s position as head of local society, and the sociall system of local society which sustains the power structure, etc. These factors interact to gradually shape and transform the social and economic foundations of local society, and form the major reason for Gaituguiliu. How does the tusi regime fit into the structure of power relatioins between the central dynasty and local society? Moreover, how did social structure, which sustained Tusi’s power, change and cause Gaituguiliu? In Ming Dynasty, Yi Ethnic Minority Tusi society formed local power structures which coordinated with each other in what we could call a “Yi Area”. But with the social transformations which spread throughout all of Southwest China, finally these “Yi area” are broken up in Qing Dynasty. What’s more, what should be noted is the social transition occurring during these processes. At first, there were no commonalities between inland and frontier society, therefore the Imperial Court appointed native headman as Tusi, and established nominal administration. But, with the change of the times, connection between the dynasty and the upper classes of Tusi became closer. It caused not only the transformation of the Tusi upper class but also transformation of the societal base. This paper aims to describe the fundamental causes which led to Gaituguliu, and through this to analyze interaction of plural factors in Tusi society in northeast Yunnan.

　　Keywords:Yi Ethnic Minority─Tusi(土司)─social transition─Gaituguiliu(改土归流)

　　作者简介：
　　野本 敬，男，1971年出生，日本人。1995年毕业于东京都立大学人文学部史学科，获学士学位。2002年获该校硕士学位。现为学习院大学研究院人文科学研究科史学专业博士研究生。2004年至2005年，赴云南大学历史文化学院历史系进修中国民族史专业。主要研究方向为西南民族史，彝族史，曾参与了多项研究课题，如栗原悟等编《中国西南地域诸民族志的基础研究——以云南省为中心》，并撰写了《关于云南南部环境史研究的史料问题》、《云南南部地域的开发与环境变迁——以石屏地域为中心》等等。

　　Abouth the Author：
　　Nomoto Takashi, male, born in 1971, comes from Japan. He receved his B.A. and M.A. in History from Tokyo Metropolitan University, and now is a Ph. D. Candidate in History at Gakushuin University. He has been majoring in history at Yunnan University since 2004. Among his scholarly writings are “A Basic Study of Ethnography in Southwest China: focus on Yunnan”, “A Note on Sources for the Environmental History of South Yunnan”, “A Note on Exploitation and Environmental Transition of South Yunnan: A Case Study of Shiping District” and others. His current research direction is further study focusing on the history of Southwest China and the history of the Yi ethnic minority.