一次性别与发展的实践——分享“四川凉山彝族10户贫困妇女参与功能性脱盲脱贫的试点”项目经验
A Case of Gender and Development: Lessons from "Ten Nuosu Women Participating in an Experimental Project for Eliminating Functional Illiteracy and Leaving Poverty"

　　西南民族大学民族研究院

　　【摘要】参与式农村发展，作为开展农村发展项目的新思想和新方法，自二十世纪90年代初扩展至中国，现已为越来越多的中国从事农村发展工作者所了解和认同。参与式农村发展项目也在国际机构的资助下，在中国农村，特别是贫困地区和少数民族地区广泛实践。2000年至2003年，本人作为从事彝族农村性别与发展的研究人员，有机会实地主持了在四川省凉山州越西县西堰村实施的“四川凉山彝族10户贫困妇女参与功能性脱盲脱贫的试点”项目（美国福特基金会资助）。三年多的项目实施，我们采取了与以往完全不同的实施方式——即参与式性别与发展的实践，取得了很好的经济效益和社会效益，也为我国彝族农村发展提供了一些可供借鉴的经验。本文旨在通过总结与讨论项目的目的和意义、项目的目标、项目实施的方法与手段等特色，以及项目获得的成果与经验、项目实践的启示等等，作一次性别与发展在凉山彝族地区的文本示范。

　　关键词: 性别与发展 功能性脱盲脱贫 实践 彝族妇女

　　Abstract

　　As a new concept and new method of launching rural development projects, the Participatory Model of Rural Development has expanded to China since the 1990s，and now the model has received more and more understanding and approval among workers engaged in rural development. Sponsored by Ford Foundation, many projects using that model are being implemented in rural areas in China, especially in the poverty-stricken areas and minority area. From 2000 to 2003, as a researcher who engaged in Yi rural gender and development work, I presided over the project “10 Poor Nuosu Households As Model for Functional Alleviatio of Poverty”, sponsored by Ford Foundation in Xiyan villige of Yuexi county in Sichuan province. During the practice of the project, we applied a totally different model from the past –Participatory Model-- in our study. The model brought a very good economic benefit and a good social benefit to our communities. Besides, it sets a good example for Yi rural development. This paper aims to show text demonstration of gender and development work in Yi Liangshan region by summarizing and discussing the purpose, the goals, the methods, the significance the achievements, the experiences, and the lessons learned, etc.

　　Keywords: gender and development─functionality─illiteracy and poverty elimination─practice─ Yi women

　　作者简介:
　　马林英，女，彝族，1959年生，四川省越西县人，1982年获学士学位，1977年参加工作。现任西南民族大学西南民族研究院副研究员、海外中华妇女学会会员、四川少数民族妇女研究中心主任、扶贫与发展研究中心主任。主要从事文化人类学、社会语言学、社会性别与社区发展研究与教学工作。多次在国内外参与和主办“中西文化在中国西南少数民族地区互动论坛”和“社会性别、西部开发与彝区发展研究学术讨论会”等学术论坛；先后主持、参与并完成《四川民族地区妇女扶贫内力——对文化资源的重视与利用》、《社会性别、西部开发与彝区发展》、《对凉山彝区吸贩毒的社区治理与社会控制问题研究》等十多项国际国内项目；出版《彝族妇女文化》、《多维视角的田野考察——彝区变迁与发展研究》、《社会性别、民族与社区发展研究》等学术专著十多部；发表《凉山农村彝族妇女可持续发展研究》、《四川彝族妇女地位问题研究》、《性别、民族的研究与反思：分析自我体验及行动》等学术论文四十余篇。

　　About the Author:
　　Ma Linying, born in 1959, female, comes from Nuosu Yi. She got her first job in 1977, and obtained her B.A in 1982. Now she is an Associate Researcher in Institute of Ethnic Studies of Southwest University for Nationalities, acting as Director of Sichuan Ethnic Women’s Studies Center, Director of Aid and Development Research Center, Member of Overseas Chinese Women’ Studies Center. She is mainly engaged in cultural anthropology, sociolinguistics, social Gender and community development, and engages in research and teaching. Ma Linying had successively participated in and hosted some domestic and international forums for many times, such as “Interaction of Chinese and Western Culture forums in Southwest China”, “Academic Forum of Social Gender, Development of West China and Yi Region” etc. She has directed and conducted more than ten domestic and international projects: “Internal Motivation of Alleviating Rural Women Poverty in Sichuan——Importance and Utility of Cultural Resources”, “Gender and Yi Community Development in West China”, “Community & Social Control of Nuosu Drug Abuse” etc.. She has published more than ten academic monographs, including “Yi Woman Culture”, “A Field Study of Changes and Development of Yi Area from Different Perspectives,” “Studies of Social Gender, Ethnicity and Community Development”etc. and also published more than 40 Academic papers, such as “Study of the Sustainable Development of Poor Rural Nuosu Women,” “Study of Sichuan Yi Women’s Status,” “Research and Introspection of Gender, Ethnicity: Analysing My Own Experiences and Behavior,” and so forth