毕摩文化在彝族史学中的地位和作用
The Position and Function of Bimo Culture in the Study of Yi History

　　云南省红河州民族研究所

　　【摘要】彝族毕摩文化是指在彝族社会中以从事彝族传统民俗和原始传统宗教活动的毕摩为主传承和传播的彝族传统文化。一是以梭斋（苏尼）为主祭祀、祈福、禳解、招魂、指路的原始传统文化；二是以毕摩为核心，用彝经诵读祭祖、指路、作斋、作祭、看病等内容的具有文字记录的传统文化。毕摩文化是梭斋（苏尼）文化中发展而来的，梭斋（苏尼）文化是彝族无文字史前的原始宗教文化的代表，毕摩是彝族进入文明时代出现的宗教领袖，毕摩文化是口传文化和有文字经典的综合性彝族传统文化的代表，是彝族传统文化的主要组成部分。本文初步分析了彝族毕摩文化的发展阶段及其主要内容载体，探讨了彝族毕摩文化中的彝族史学。认为彝族毕摩文化为研究彝族历史的断代提供了重要的文献依据，为研究整个彝族历史不同阶段的提供了详实的史料，也填补了古代彝族天文历法、生产工具的铸造及农业、手工也、医药卫生等自然科学的研究空白，以及研究古代彝族社会政治体制和西南民族关系，特别是彝语支民族关系的分流发展情况提供了必要的资料，指出了彝族毕摩文化对研究彝族历史文化带来的诸多缺陷和不足之处。

　　关键词: 毕摩文化 彝族 史学 地位 作用

　　Abstract

　　Bimo culture is the traditional culture of Yi people. It is generally handed down and spread by Bimo, the native ritual practitioner whose duty is to take charge of Yi’s traditional folk conventions and religious activity. In Yi’s traditional culture, Suozhai (suhni) mainly takes care of sacrifice-offering, praying, assisting, guiding and calling back the soul of the dead, while Bimo is in charge of chanting Yi’s recorded texts in offering a sacrifice to ancestors, guiding road for the dead, practicing magic, curing the sickness and so on. Being the major carrier of Yi’s traditional culture, Bimo culture developed from Suozhai (suhni) culture, a representative of native religious culture derived from prehistoric age. Bimo culture is a synthetical agent of Yi’s oral culture and written scriptures. This essay preliminary analyses the developmental periods, principal substance of Bimo culture, and Yi’s historical science. The author thinks that Bimo culture not only provides important literate evidence for different periods in Yi’s history, fills in the natural science gaps, concerning astronomy and calendar, tools of production, agriculture, handicraft, and medical science, but also offers valuable data for Yi’s ancient social and political system, ethnic relationship, in particular, between ethnic groups of Yi language family. The author, in conclusion, points out some of the drawbacks and insufficiencies emerged from behind Bimo culture.

　　Keywords: Bimo culture─Yi people─science of history─position─founction

　　作者简介:
　　龙倮贵（别名：阿倮；笔名：尼苏倮濮），男，彝族，云南社会科学院红河民族研究所，民族古籍研究室主任、党支部书记、所学术委员会秘书，助理研究员，云南红河哈尼族彝族自治州彝学学会秘书长，从事翻译整理彝族历史文献、研究彝族原始宗教和传统文化及哈尼族传统文化。参与编纂出版了《哀牢山彝族情歌》《滇川黔桂〈彝文字典〉》，第一副主编国家八五社科重点科研项目彝文文献《吾查们查》、副主编《中国少数民族大辞典系列·红河彝族辞典》。专著《滇南彝族宗教习俗论》、合著《彝族原始宗教初探》《滇南彝族原始宗教祭辞》《滇南彝族尼苏颇殡葬祭辞》等出版问世。发表了《红河彝族族称及其源流略考》、《彝族服饰类型及其审美特色》、《试析彝族龙文化》、《浅谈彝族图腾崇拜》、《红河彝族毕摩唱腔种类及其内容》、《试析鸡和鸡蛋在哈尼族原始宗教和习俗中的功能》等50余篇60多万字学术文章。

　　About the Author:
　　Long Luogui, he participated in compiling Yi’s love song in the area of Ailao Mountain, Yi dictionary for Yunnan\Sichuan\Guizhou\Guangxi, Wu cha men cha, The series of dictionaries of Chinese national minority?Honghe Yi dictionary, Research on Yi primitive religion, Yizu primitive religious elegiac address in the south of Yunnan, Yi ni&su&po funeral and interment elegiac address in the south of Yunnan, Study of Yi religious customs in the south of Yunnan and published over 50 papers, including Research into the nationality title of Honghe Yizu, Yizu clothes and ornaments types and the aesthetic characteristics, Brief study on Yizu dragon culture, Brief research into Yi’s totem worship, and Honghe Yizu music for voices of Bimo.