凉山彝族祭祖仪式：生命、团结与繁荣的庆典
Celebration of Life, Unity and Prosperity: A Nuosu Ceremony to Commemorate Ancestors

　　美国创价大学
　　Soka University of America, USA

　　【摘要】祭奠祖先的仪式或许是凉山彝族毕摩综合性仪式中最为重要的。这种仪式往往需要几位毕摩合作主持，历时若干天，涉及很多步骤和活动。参加的人员也很多，包括主家的父系氏族成员，联姻氏族成员，有过继关系的氏族成员，以及与主家有其他联系的人。这样的仪式通常需要请有名望、有经验的毕摩来主持。毕摩也通过这样的仪式来展示自己的知识、才华和技能。由于参加仪式的人们来自互相关联的不同群体，这又是一个观察各个群体之间关系及其互动的良好机会。本文拟通过考察凉山越西县一个诺氏族超度祖先亡灵的 “搓毕” 仪式来探讨各种仪式活动的象征意义，以及它们对彝族群众日常生活中各种关系的影响。凉山彝族以其父系氏族制度闻名。这样一个有众多参与者的大型仪式必然要涉及家庭成员、氏族成员，亲戚朋友等群体之间的关系。通过仪式的程序和活动，我们可能观察到什么是人们奉为规范、规则和理想的东西。同时，也可能发现，在一定的情况下，人们在实践中如何变通，甚至打破这些规矩。超度祖先亡灵的 “搓毕” 仪式是为祭奠祖先，并为他们在灵界祈祷幸福而举行的，而人们在仪式过程中的行为则明显表达了他们渴望家庭和氏族人丁兴旺，渴望氏族内的团结以及跨氏族的合作，也渴望物质生活、社会生活和精神生活的繁荣昌盛。

　　关键词: 毕摩 仪式 亲属关系

　　Abstract

　　The ceremony of commemorating ancestors is probably the most important ceremony that bimo conduct among the Nuosu people in Liangshan. Not only does this kind of ceremony takes several bimo to collaborate for a relatively lengthy process with many activities, but it also involves many people who are either kin to the host through blood, marriage, or adoption, or have other connection to the host. Ceremony of this kind demonstrates the reputation, ability and skills of bimo. It is also displays the relations and interactions between members of the host’s patrilineal lineage and affinal lineages. Through describing and examining such a ceremony, I would like to explore the symbolic meanings of a series of ritual activities and their effects on people’s relations in daily life. Nuosu are famous for their patrilinial kinship system. During a ceremony like this, the relationships between kinsmen, relatives and others come into play. From the ritual performance, we can observe the manifestation of the norms, regulations and ideals that people hold. In the meantime, some activities indicate how people bend and break rules under certain circumstances. Although the ceremony is intended to remember deceased ancestors and wish them all the best during their afterlife, the whole process of the ceremony was filled with the spirit of celebration. People’s behaviors during this period of time clearly indicate their desire for bringing more new lives to their family and lineage, for bringing lineage members and allies together and for bringing prosperity to their physical life, social life and spiritual life.

　　Keywords: bimo─ritual─kinship

　　作者简介:
　　刘小幸，1998年在美国伊利诺大学获人类学博士学位。曾参加过在西雅图华盛顿大学举办的第一届国际彝族研讨会。现在加利福尼亚州的美国创价大学教授中国语言和文化。

　　About the Author：
　　Liu Xiaoxing earned her Ph.D. degree at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1998. Participated in the First International Conference on the Yi Studies at University of Washington in Seattle. Currently teaching Chinese language and culture at Soka University of America in California.