环境、泥石流搬迁与彝族地区可持续发展：哀牢山个案研究
Environment, Landslide Removal, and Sustainable Development in Yi Areas:
A Case Study from the Ailao Mountains

　　美国华盛顿大学人类学系
　　Dept. of Anthropology, University of Washington, USA

　　【摘要】本文通过云南省哀牢山区腊鲁彝族核桃坪村的生态环境研究，指出彝族地区可持续发展面临的严重问题。哀牢山于2002年8月发生了特大的滑坡泥石流，核桃坪村是受到严重损失的村子之一，这个村子随后被地方政府安排搬迁，村子里的96户人口被搬迁到5个不同的地方，由于新的搬迁点没有耕地，村民们又必须每天回到原来的地方劳动，有些村民每天花在路程上的时间多达4至5个小时，绝大部分人需要3个小时。环境、生态、泥石流、搬迁给村民造成了生活水平的全面下降，加上落后的经济、教育和医疗保障，该地区彝族人民要实现小康和可持续发展困难重重。本文根据两年多的跟踪调查，认为：哀牢山区必须制定可持续发展战略，走可持续发展的道路。可持续发展是一个全民参与的管理系统，在这个系统中，那种自上而下的方式必须得到改变，政府的责任是投资教育、医疗和各种社会保障，政府机构必须以服务农民为中心运作，而非以政府自身为中心运作。

　　关键词: 彝族腊鲁人 环境生态 泥石流 搬迁 可持续发展 小康 国家权力

　　Abstract

　　The paper focuses on the environment and landslide removal of Hetaoping village on Ailao Mountain of Yunnan Province, pointing out that Yi (Lalu Group) people on Ailao Mountain face serious problems on sustainable development. A very big landslide happened on Ailao Mountain in August of 2002, and Hetaoping is one of the worst villages damaged by the landslide. After the landslide, the local government asked the villagers to move out to a safer place to avoid the natural disaster. The 96 families in the village were moved to five different places. Since there are no cultivatable lands at the new place, they have to go back to their original place to do cultivation. Some villagers have to spend 4—5 hours each day walking between the agricultural field and the new village, and most of them need 3 hours. Therefore, factors including landslide, environment, ecology and removal, have led to a decline in farmers’ quality of life. When also considering the poor level of education, medical care and low level of economic development, the Lalu Yi people in Hetaoping face serious difficulties to achieve overall Xiaokang and sustainable development. Based on two years of field research, the paper suggests that it is necessary to establish a sustainable development strategy on county level. Sustainable development is a management system in which all people participate. The method of top-down decision making must be changed, and the state is responsible to invest education, medical care and social security. The government agencies should be farmer-centered, not government-centered.

　　eywords: Lalu Yi─Environmental ecology─landslide─emoval─sustainable development─ Xiaokang─state power

　　作者简介:
　　李永祥，聂苏彝族，来自于云南省新平彝族傣族自治县的彝家山寨。1984年参加工作，1988年毕业于中央民族学院彝文大专班，同年被分配到云南省社会科学院工作，1999年考入美国华盛顿大学人类学系攻读博士学位，师从郝瑞教授。感兴趣的领域包括：彝族历史和文化、生态环境与可持续发展、乡镇企业私有化、打工与移民、旅游、民族关系理论、国家权力、社会语言学等。

　　About the Author:
　　Li Yongxiang, a Niesu Yi native, was born in Firoke village of Laochang Township of Xinping Yi-Dai Autonomous County in Yunnan Province. He graduated from Yuxi Teaching School in 1984, and Central Institute for Nationalities in 1988, and worked at the Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences during 1988—1999. In September, he was accepted as graduate student in Ph. D. program at the University of Washington, Department of Anthropology, studying with Professor Stevan Harrell, and graduated in June 2005. Research interests include: the history and culture of the Yi, environment and sustainable development, enterprise privatization and pollution, education and migration, tourism, ethnic relations, state power and social linguistics.