撒尼彝区土地制度的变迁
Changes in the Land System in the Sani Area

　　中央民族大学民族民间文化研究中心

　　【摘要】早期彝族先民的土地为群体所有，人们可随意在族群占有的领地内狩猎、采集、放牧。进入农耕社会后，人们以村落的形式定居下来，族群所有的领土分割成村落集体所有的若干份土地。“土司制度”的兴起，撒尼彝区分别属于三个土司管辖，土司所辖范围土地所有权属土司，农户分别向所属的土司交租纳贡。“改土归流”后，部分汉族从官府手中购得原土司的一些地产，撒尼彝区腹心地带部分土地被汉族地主占有。随封建制度的衰落，买卖土地风的盛行，撒尼人不惜一切代价，把本属于自己的大部分土地从汉族地主手中购回。撒尼彝区的土地制度虽历经变迁，但万变不离其宗的是土地属于人民，属于社区集体所有的观念。中华人民共和国成立后，撒尼彝区土地制度执行的是中央的统一政策。

　　关键词：撒尼 土地制度 改土归流 变迁

　　Abstract
　　The land in ancient Yi society belongs to the group or community. Yi people go hunting, collecting and herding at will within their land. Stepping into agricultural stage, people settle down in village form and the lands are divided into different patches whose landholding right belongs to different village groups. The rise of Tusi System brings three Tusi clans and Tusi manage the lands in Sani (the subgroup of Yi Ethnic Minority) area. The landholders are Tusi who manage the lands and villagers pay taxes to Tusi when they cultivate within the lands. Later, some Han nationality rich people that are supported by the government buy some lands. Thus, the Han landlords occupy some lands in the middle of Sani area. When the feudal system declined, Sani people buy the lands from Han landlords at all costs. The land system has been changing a lot in the past time; however, the unchanged point is the idea of group-landholding among Yi people. The execution of the land system is the general policy of central government after People’s Republic of China is found.

　　Keywords: Sani─land system─Gaituguiliu─transformation

　　作者简介：
　　黄建民，男，云南撒尼彝族。现任中央民族大学中国少数民族研究中心副主任。

　　About the Author:
　　Huang Jianmin comes from Sani subgroup of the Yi. As the Deputy Director of Research Center for Ethnic Minorities of China, he has been working at Central University for Nationalities.