白乌溪流域的历史生态变迁（与李星星、何仲芝、王凯琳、蓝若天等合写）
Historical Ecological Change in the Upper Baiwu Valley
（Coauthored with Li Xingxing, Joanne Ho, Kayanna Warren, Ross T. Nadal）

　　Harrell, Stevan 郝瑞

　　Asian Ethnology, Burke Museum, University of Washington, USA
　　美国华盛顿大学博克自然历史博物馆亚洲民族学部

　　【摘要】盐源县的白乌溪的上流域是一个长期变迁适应人类使用的生态系统。1956年民主改革以来，生态的变迁加速，白乌地区遇到了一系列的“生态海啸”，包括革命早期的1957年的居民点，大跃进的森林大砍伐，稻米种植在60年代的失败，以及1970年代在不合适的地点种植粮食与第二次森林大开发。自从八十年代以来，多种经济作物已进入盐源县白乌溪上流域的自然农业经济。重要经济作物包括八十年代到九十年代中叶的苹果，1999年起的杂交玉米，以及最近有一定经济数量的花椒。本文分析这些作物对于劳动结构、家户预算、当地市场、营养习惯和地方生态的影响。

　　关键词：市场化 经济作物 生态 营养

　　Abstract
　　The Upper Baiwu Valley in Yanyuan County is an ecosystem that has been changing and adapting to human use for hundreds of years. Since 1956, the pace of ecological change has speeded up, and a series of ecological shocks or “ecological tsunamis” have swept over the valley. These include, in the early years of the revolution, the gathering of residents into concentrated villages, cutting of forests during the Great Leap Forward, the failure of rice agriculture in the 1960s, and the combined planting of grain on unsuitable lands and further cutting of forests in the 1970s. Since the 1980s, various cash crops have entered the formerly subsistence economy of the area. These include apples in the 1980s and early 1990s, hybrid corn since 1999, and recently huajiao in commercial quantities. The introduction of these crops has brought major changes in the structure of labor, household budgets, marketing, dietary habits, and local ecology for local residents.

　　Keywords: Marketization─cash crops─ecology─nutrition.

　　作者简介：
　　郝瑞(海来木嘎)西雅图华盛顿大学人类学系教授、博克博物馆亚洲藏品研究馆员，人口与生态研究中心研究员，1980年代以来在凉山进行田野调查和指导研究生和本科生的实地科研工作。有关中国西南研究的著作包括《田野中的民族认同：中国西南彝族论文集》（曲木铁西和巴莫阿依翻译，2000）；《高山图式：中国诺苏彝族文化之传承》（与巴莫曲布嫫，马尔子合著，2000）；《中国西南彝族面面观》（主编，2001）；以及《中国西南民族认同及其方式》（2001）。此外，与马尔子、巴莫阿依合作撰写的田野回忆录《田野关系》(Field Connections)，将于2006年在美国出版。迄今为止，已经指导过35名博士研究生；目前正在主持和指导盐源白乌溪上游的经济生态变迁的综合课题研究。

　　About the author
　　 Stevan Harrell （Hxielie Muga）is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Washington. He has been conducting research and directing students in Liangshan since the late 1980s. His books on Southwest China include Field Studies of Ethnic Identity: the Yi of Southwest China (Translated by Qumo Tixi and Bamo Ayi), 2000; Mountain Patterns: The Survival of Nuosu Culture in China, (with Ma Erzi and Bamo Qubumo), 2000; Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China (edited volume), 2001; and Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China, 2001. His forthcoming book, with Bamo Ayi and Ma Erzi, Fieldwork Connections will be published in 2006. He has supervised 35 doctoral theses in cultural anthropology, and is currently directing a long-term study of ecological and economic change in the Baiwu Valley, Yanyuan.