少数民族与地方教育──从小学课程来分析问题
Local Learning and Primary Schooling in Two Minority Communities

　　Blumenfield, Tami 卢敏

　　Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, USA
　　美国华盛顿大学人类学系

　　【摘要】近年来，中国的教育政策一直在变，目前政策鼓励本土教材以及传统知识进入小学课程。但是，仅少部分学校按照政策的变化改变过自己的教学习惯和内容。我谈论的是已经开始利用本土教育的两个少数民族社区。一是四川省凉山州盐源县的羊圈村（彝族）。二是云南省小凉山的泸沽湖地区 (主要为摩梭人）。通过接待四川的、欧洲的、台湾的、美国的朋友，羊圈小学开始用美术和作文两种方式把地方环境知识带进学校。泸沽湖的摩梭人，通过多年丰富的旅游经验，重新认同自己的传统文化，因此编了一本摩梭传统知识的课本。我考虑这两个地点所反映的新课程机会，包括更多传统环境知识 (TEK)、民族文化教育和民族语言课。最后，我用外人的角度来分析外人对这两个地点的学校和课程的影响， 特别是外人跟本地人的关系。

　　关键词: 传统教育 地方教育 彝族 摩梭人 传统环境知识

　　Abstract

　　In the last two years, Chinese education policies have evolved to encourage more local content in primary schooling. However, implementation varies widely, and few schools have taken advantage of this new policy. In this paper, I describe initiatives in two ethnic minority communities that have started to incorporate local content in their school curricula: Yangjuan Village, a Nuosu (Yi) community in Yanyuan County, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province; and the Lugu Lake area, a primarily Moso community in Xiao Liangshan, Yunnan Province. In conjunction with visitors from around Sichuan, Europe, Taiwan, and the United States, the Yangjuan Primary School has used art and storytelling to bring local ecological knowledge into the curriculum. Lugu Lake is a site where intense tourism fascinated with the Moso culture has spurred locals to valorize their traditions, prompting them to create a textbook filled with Moso cultural traditions. In both places, I examine possibilities for increased incorporation of traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) and other forms of decentralized information into the school curriculum. This ecological focus complements other efforts to include minority traditions and languages in schools. I also discuss the roles that outsiders have played in these two learning communities, and how they mediate decisions about educational content.

　　Keywords: traditional education─local education─Nuosu─Moso─traditional environmental knowledge

　　作者简介:
　　卢敏，美国华盛顿大学文化人类学博士研究生。从2001年到2003年她在云南省考察了摩梭人的教育情况及泸沽湖的旅游业。当时她的接待单位是云南民族学院。在2004年暑假时她跟郝瑞教授考察了云南省和四川省的本土教材与地方性课程。那时候她也考察过凉山州盐源县的羊圈小学。因为这所学校已经接待过很多教育者及学生，所以我们可以从它的例子来了解不同的地方教育项目和选择。

　　About the Author:
　　Tami Blumenfield is a Ph. D student in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Washington in Seattle, USA. She lived in Yunnan Province for two years from 2001-2003, researching Moso education and tourism near Lugu Lake. During that time she was affiliated with the Yunnan Institute of Nationalities, in Kunming. In the summer of 2004, she worked with Professor Stevan Harrell to research local education initiatives in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces. Part of that project included fieldwork at the Yangjuan Primary School in Yanyuan County, Liangshan. This school has hosted many different educators and students, and offers an interesting perspective to look carefully at local education possibilities.